弦索乐作为民间传统的合奏乐,从纵的方面看,它的多声部织体主要有支声型织体和复调性织体两种类型。
As a traditional folk ensemble music, string and rope music has two main types of polyphonic texture, namely vocal texture and polyphonic texture, from a vertical perspective.
1.支声型织体
1. Sound supporting fabric
以某一曲牌为主题旋律,各种乐器依据基本曲调并根据乐器的性能特点进行变奏,它们统一在基本旋律之下,既照顾到整体,又发挥各种乐器的演奏特点,可以说是同一原始谱在各种乐器上的变奏。弦索乐一般是由一件乐器为主并演奏基本旋律,其他乐器进行强让交替、你简我繁的变奏。支声型织体在弦索乐的乐曲中占有大多数。
Taking a certain piece of music as the theme melody, various instruments perform variations based on the basic melody and the performance characteristics of the instruments. They are unified under the basic melody, taking into account the overall performance characteristics of various instruments, and can be said to be variations of the same original score on various instruments. String music usually consists of one instrument playing the basic melody, while other instruments perform forced alternations and complex variations. The vocal texture dominates the composition of string music.
2.复调型织体
2. Polyphonic fabric
弦索乐重奏的复调性织体很有特点,别致典雅。菏泽弦索乐即是典型的例子,如由筝、扬琴、琵琶、如意勾演奏的《碰八板》,是一种由四大部分组成的完整的大套曲,依照由慢到快、由简到繁的原则连缀而成。四件乐器重奏时,分别在四个声部中演奏不同的曲子,形成多声部的复调型织体,属于对比性复调。虽说曲目不同,但由于它们同属“八板体”,所以,往往在强拍上的音符和句尾的落音基本一致,演奏起来同中有异,异中有同,时同时异,造成一种音响丰富,跌宕起伏的效果。 [7]
The polyphonic texture of string string ensemble is very distinctive, unique and elegant. Heze string and rope music is a typical example, such as the "Bang Ba Ban" played by Zheng, Yangqin, Pipa, and Ruyi Gou. It is a complete suite composed of four major parts, connected according to the principle of slow to fast and simple to complex. When playing four instruments, different pieces of music are played in each of the four parts, forming a polyphonic texture with multiple parts, which belongs to comparative polyphony. Although the repertoire is different, due to the fact that they all belong to the "eight board style", the notes on the strong beat and the falling notes at the end of the sentence are often consistent. When playing, there are differences in the same, similarities in the different, and differences in the time, creating a rich and fluctuating sound effect. [7]
曲牌特征
Qupai Features
小牌子曲
Small brand song
菏泽弦索乐的小牌子曲主要包括两粪池模具 路缘石模具 唐山通风管道 塑钢电缆挂钩 钢纤维 钢制拍门 类,一类是用于琴书演唱前的器乐曲牌,如【对开门】【八板】【降香牌】【尺字开门】等。用于琴书演唱前的器乐曲牌属于闹场音乐,节奏欢快、热闹,有些地方也称为“打场曲”,主要作用是在演出开始前进行招揽观众、活跃现场氛围,并给演员以活动手指,为之后的正式演奏做准备。
The small brand songs of Heze stringed string music mainly include two types. One type is the instrumental music cards used before performing qin and calligraphy, such as "facing the door", "eight boards", "falling incense cards", and "foot shaped opening the door". The instrumental music cards used before the performance of qin shu belong to the category of noisy music, with a lively and lively rhythm. In some places, they are also known as "strike songs". Their main function is to attract the audience, liven up the atmosphere of the scene, and provide the actors with movable fingers before the performance begins, preparing for the formal performance afterwards.